Steering System Power Steering normally use an engine driven pump and a hydraulic system to assist steering action. Three major types of power steering systems.

1. Power Steering Type For Pt Cruiser
2. Mechanical Engineering

This article needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) In, power steering (also power-assisted steering (PAS) or steering assist system) helps drivers steer by augmenting steering effort of the. Hydraulic or add controlled energy to the steering mechanism, so the driver can provide less effort to turn the steered wheels when driving at typical speeds, and reduce considerably the physical effort necessary to turn the wheels when a vehicle is stopped or moving slowly. Power steering can also be engineered to provide some artificial feedback of forces acting on the steered wheels. Hydraulic power steering systems for cars augment steering effort via an actuator, a hydraulic cylinder that is part of a.

These systems have a direct mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the linkage that steers the wheels. This means that power-steering system failure (to augment effort) still permits the vehicle to be steered using manual effort alone. Electric power steering systems use electric motors to provide the assistance instead of hydraulic systems. As with hydraulic types, power to the actuator (motor, in this case) is controlled by the rest of the power-steering system. Other power steering systems (such as those in the largest off-road construction vehicles) have no direct mechanical connection to the steering linkage; they require electrical power. Systems of this kind, with no mechanical connection, are sometimes called ' or 'steer by wire', by analogy with aviation's '.

In this context, 'wire' refers to that carry power and data, not thin mechanical control cables. Some construction vehicles have a two-part frame with a rugged hinge in the middle; this hinge allows the front and rear axles to become non-parallel to steer the vehicle. Opposing hydraulic cylinders move the halves of the frame relative to each other to steer. Contents. History The first power steering system on an automobile was apparently installed in 1876 by a man with the surname of Fitts, but little else is known about him. The next power steering system was put on a Columbia 5-ton truck in 1903 where a separate electric motor was used to assist the driver in turning the front wheels.

1. Power Steering Fluid Types Recommended by OE Manufacturer* When flushing a power steering system or replacing a power steering pump you may wonder.
2. Pressure & Return Hoses Steering Component. How to Service Power Steering A4-A5. This system is similar to integral type in that the power cylinder.

Twyford, a resident of, included a mechanical power steering mechanism as part of his patent (U.S. Patent 646,477) issued on April 3, 1900 for the first four-wheel drive system. Davis, an engineer of the truck division of, began exploring how steering could be made easier, and in 1926 invented and demonstrated the first practical power steering system. Davis moved to and refined the hydraulic-assisted power steering system, but the automaker calculated it would be too expensive to produce.

Davis then signed up with, a parts manufacturer for automakers. Military needs during for easier steering on heavy vehicles boosted the need for power assistance on and tank-recovery vehicles for the British and American armies. Introduced the first commercially available passenger car power steering system on the 1951 under the name 'Hydraguide'. The Chrysler system was based on some of Davis' expired patents. Introduced the 1952 with a power steering system using the work Davis had done for the company almost twenty years earlier. Hammond from Detroit filed several patents for improvements of power steering with the Canadian Intellectual Property Office in 1958.

Most new vehicles now have power steering, owing to the trends toward front wheel drive, greater vehicle mass, and wider, which all increase the required steering effort. Heavier vehicles, as are common in some countries, would be extremely difficult to maneuver at low speeds, while vehicles of lighter weight may not need power assisted steering at all. Hydraulic systems. A power steering fluid reservoir and pulley driven pump Hydraulic power steering systems work by using a to multiply force applied to the steering wheel inputs to the vehicle's steered (usually front) road wheels. The hydraulic pressure typically comes from a or driven by the vehicle's engine. A double-acting applies a to the steering gear, which in turn steers the roadwheels. The steering wheel operates valves to control flow to the cylinder.

The more torque the driver applies to the steering wheel and column, the more fluid the valves allow through to the cylinder, and so the more force is applied to steer the wheels. One design for measuring the torque applied to the steering wheel has a torque sensor – a at the lower end of the steering column.

As the steering wheel rotates, so does the steering column, as well as the upper end of the torsion bar. Since the torsion bar is relatively thin and flexible, and the bottom end usually resists being rotated, the bar will twist by an amount proportional to the applied torque. The difference in position between the opposite ends of the torsion bar controls a valve. The valve allows fluid to flow to the cylinder which provides steering assistance; the greater the 'twist' of the torsion bar, the greater the force. Since the hydraulic pumps are positive-displacement type, the flow rate they deliver is directly proportional to the speed of the engine. This means that at high engine speeds the steering would naturally operate faster than at low engine speeds. Because this would be undesirable, a restricting orifice and flow-control valve direct some of the pump's output back to the hydraulic reservoir at high engine speeds.

A pressure relief valve prevents a dangerous build-up of pressure when the hydraulic cylinder's piston reaches the end of its stroke. The steering booster is arranged so that should the booster fail, the steering will continue to work (although the wheel will feel heavier). Loss of power steering can significantly affect the handling of a vehicle. Each vehicle owner's manual gives instructions for inspection of fluid levels and regular maintenance of the power steering system. The working liquid, also called ' or 'oil', is the medium by which is transmitted.

Common working liquids are based on. Some modern systems also include an electronic control valve to reduce the hydraulic supply pressure as the vehicle's speed increases; this is variable-assist power steering.

DIRAVI variable-assist power steering. Main article: innovated the now common benefit of. In this power steering system, the force steering the wheels comes from the car's high pressure hydraulic system and is always the same no matter what the road speed is. Turning the steering wheel moves the wheels simultaneously to a corresponding angle via a hydraulic cylinder. In order to give some artificial steering feel, there is a separate hydraulically operated system that tries to turn the steering wheel back to centre position. The amount of pressure applied is proportional to road speed, so that at low speeds the steering is very light, and at high speeds it is very difficult to move more than a small amount off centre.

It was invented by of France. As long as there is pressure in the car's hydraulic system, there is no mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the roadwheels. This system was first introduced in the in 1970, and was known as 'VariPower' in the UK and 'SpeedFeel' in the U.S. Electro-hydraulic systems Electro-hydraulic power steering systems, sometimes abbreviated EHPS, and also sometimes called 'hybrid' systems, use the same hydraulic assist technology as standard systems, but the hydraulic pressure comes from a pump driven by an instead of a drive belt at the engine.

In 1965, Ford experimented with a fleet of 'wrist-twist instant steering' equipped that replaced the conventional large steering wheel with two 5-inch (127 mm) rings, a fast 15:1 gear ratio, and an electric hydraulic pump in case the engine stalled. In 1988, the Subaru XT6 was fitted with a unique Cybrid adaptive electro-hydraulic steering system that changed the level of assistance based on the vehicle's speed.

In 1990, Toyota introduced its second-generation with electro-hydraulic power steering. This avoided running hydraulic lines from the engine (which was behind the driver in the MR2) up to the steering rack.

In 1994 Volkswagen produced the Mark 3 Golf Ecomatic, with an electric pump. This meant that the power steering would still operate while the engine was stopped by the computer to save fuel. Electro-hydraulic systems can be found in some cars by, and. Electric systems Electric power assisted steering ( EPS/ EPAS) or motor-driven power steering ( MDPS) uses an to assist the of a. Sensors detect the position and of the steering column, and a computer module applies assistive torque via the motor, which connects to either the steering gear or steering column. This allows varying amounts of assistance to be applied depending on driving conditions.

Engineers can therefore tailor steering-gear response to variable-rate and variable-damping suspension systems, optimizing ride, handling, and steering for each vehicle. On Fiat group cars the amount of assistance can be regulated using a button named 'CITY' that switches between two different assist curves, while most other EPS systems have variable assist. These give more assistance as the vehicle slows down, and less at faster speeds. A mechanical linkage between the steering wheel and the steering gear is retained in EPAS. In the event of component failure or power failure that causes a failure to provide assistance, the mechanical linkage serves as a back-up.

If EPAS fails, the driver encounters a situation where heavy effort is required to steer. This heavy effort is similar to that of an inoperative hydraulic steering assist system. Depending on the driving situation, driving skill and strength of the driver, steering assist loss may or may not lead to a crash. The difficulty of steering with inoperative power steering is compounded by the choice of in assisted steering gears vs. Fully manual. The has assisted car manufacturers with recalling EPAS systems prone to failure. Electric systems have an advantage in because there is no belt-driven hydraulic pump constantly running, whether assistance is required or not, and this is a major reason for their introduction.

Another major advantage is the elimination of a belt-driven engine accessory, and several high-pressure hydraulic hoses between the hydraulic pump, mounted on the engine, and the steering gear, mounted on the chassis. This greatly simplifies manufacturing and maintenance. By incorporating electric power steering systems can instantly vary torque assist levels to aid the driver in corrective maneuvers. In 1986 NSK put the EPS for battery fork into practical use. In the subsequent 88 years Koyo Seiko (current JTEKT), NSK developed a column system exclusively for minicars, sold only in Japan such as Suzuki and Mitsubishi motors.

However, this simple method was noticeable due to the inertia feeling of the motor at the time of rapid steering for danger avoidance in low speed running, at the time of high speed running at which the steering force became small, returning to the manual steering. As a result, that system was not adopted. In the latter 1990, a direct full control system of a rack assist without clutch to a regular car was put into practical use at the Honda car NSX (3.0 liter) and sold all over the world. Since then, there has been a transition from a brush-attached motor to a brushless motor in the rack type of ordinary vehicles, this method has become mainstream. Electric power steering systems appeared on the Honda NSX in 1990, the FIAT Punto Mk2 in 1999, the Honda S2000 in 1999, Toyota Prius in 200015, the BMW Z4 in 2002, and the Mazda RX-8 in 2003.

The first electric power steering system appeared on the Suzuki Cervo in 1988. The system has been applied by various automobile manufacturers. Electrically variable gear ratio systems In 2000, the Type V featured the first electric power variable steering (VGS) system. In 2002, Toyota introduced the 'Variable Gear Ratio Steering' (VGRS) system on the and Landcruiser Cygnus, and also incorporated the system to alter steering gear ratios and steering assist levels.

In 2003, BMW introduced ' system on the. This system should not be confused with variable assist power steering, which varies steering assist torque, not steering ratios, nor with systems where the gear ratio is only varied as a function of steering angle. These last are more accurately called non-linear types (e.g. Direct-Steer offered by Mercedes); a plot of steering-wheel position versus axle steering angle is progressively curved (and symmetrical). References.

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Wren, James A.; Wren, Genevieve J. University of Michigan Press. Retrieved 8 November 2015.

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Retrieved 28 May 2015. Watson, Bill (22 Mar 2006). Imperial Automobile Club Archives. Archived from on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2015. Canadian Intellectual Property Office.

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Contents. Introduction The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front using a hand–operated which is positioned in front of the driver, via the, which may contain (which may also be part of the collapsible steering column design), to allow it to deviate somewhat from a straight line. Other arrangements are sometimes found on different types of vehicles, for example, a or rear–wheel steering. Such as and usually employ differential steering — that is, the tracks are made to move at different speeds or even in opposite directions, using and, to bring about a change of course or direction. Land vehicle steering Basic geometry.

Curves described by the rear wheels of a conventional automobile. While the vehicle moves with a constant speed its inner and outer rear wheels do not.

The basic aim of steering is to ensure that the wheels are pointing in the desired directions. This is typically achieved by a series of linkages, rods, pivots and gears. One of the fundamental concepts is that of – each wheel is steered with a pivot point ahead of the wheel; this makes the steering tend to be self-centering towards the direction of travel.

The steering linkages connecting the steering box and the wheels usually conform to a variation of, to account for the fact that in a turn, the inner wheel is actually travelling a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that the degree of suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns. The angle the wheels make with the vertical plane also influences steering dynamics (see ) as do the. Rack and pinion, recirculating ball, worm and sector.

Non-assisted steering box of a motor vehicle Many modern cars use steering mechanisms, where the steering wheel turns the pinion gear; the pinion moves the rack, which is a linear gear that meshes with the pinion, converting circular motion into linear motion along the transverse axis of the car (side to side motion). This motion applies steering to the swivel pin that replaced previously used of the stub axle of the steered wheels via and a short arm called the steering arm. The rack and pinion design has the advantages of a large degree of feedback and direct steering 'feel'. A disadvantage is that it is not adjustable, so that when it does wear and develop, the only cure is replacement.

Began to use rack and pinion steering systems in the 1930s, and many other European manufacturers adopted the technology. American automakers adopted rack and pinion steering beginning with the 1974. Older designs use two main principles: the design and the screw and nut. Both types were enhanced by reducing the friction; for screw and nut it is the mechanism, which is still found on trucks and utility vehicles. The steering column turns a large screw which meshes with nut by recirculating balls. The nut moves a sector of a gear, causing it to rotate about its axis as the screw is turned; an arm attached to the axis of the sector moves the, which is connected to the and thus steers the wheels.

The recirculating ball version of this apparatus reduces the considerable friction by placing large ball bearings between the screw and the nut; at either end of the apparatus the balls exit from between the two pieces into a channel internal to the box which connects them with the other end of the apparatus, thus they are 'recirculated'. The recirculating ball mechanism has the advantage of a much greater, so that it was found on larger, heavier vehicles while the rack and pinion was originally limited to smaller and lighter ones; due to the almost universal adoption of, however, this is no longer an important advantage, leading to the increasing use of rack and pinion on newer cars. The recirculating ball design also has a perceptible lash, or 'dead spot' on center, where a minute turn of the steering wheel in either direction does not move the steering apparatus; this is easily adjustable via a screw on the end of the steering box to account for wear, but it cannot be entirely eliminated because it will create excessive internal forces at other positions and the mechanism will wear very rapidly. This design is still in use in trucks and other large vehicles, where rapidity of steering and direct feel are less important than robustness, maintainability, and mechanical advantage. The worm and sector was an older design, used for example in Willys and Chrysler vehicles, and the Ford Falcon (1960's). To reduce friction the sector is replaced by a roller or rotating pins on the rocker shaft arm.

Generally, older vehicles use the recirculating ball mechanism, and only newer vehicles use rack-and-pinion steering. This division is not very strict, however, and rack-and-pinion steering systems can be found on British sports cars of the mid-1950s, and some German carmakers did not give up recirculating ball technology until the early 1990s. Other systems for steering exist, but are uncommon on road vehicles. Children's toys and often use a very direct linkage in the form of a (also commonly known as a ) attached directly between the steering column and the steering arms, and the use of cable-operated steering linkages (e.g. The mechanism) is also found on some home-built vehicles such as and. Power steering.

Main article: Power steering helps the driver of a vehicle to steer by directing some of its power to assist in swiveling the steered road wheels about their steering axes. As vehicles have become heavier and switched to, particularly using negative offset geometry, along with increases in tire width and diameter, the effort needed to turn the wheels about their steering axis has increased, often to the point where major physical exertion would be needed were it not for power assistance. To alleviate this have developed systems, or more correctly power-assisted steering, since on road-going vehicles there has to be a mechanical linkage as a fail-safe. There are two types of power steering systems: hydraulic and electric/electronic.

A hydraulic-electric hybrid system is also possible. A (HPS) uses hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-driven pump to assist the motion of turning the steering wheel. (EPS) is more efficient than hydraulic power steering, since the electric power steering motor only needs to provide assistance when the steering wheel is turned, whereas the hydraulic pump must run constantly.

In EPS, the amount of assistance is easily tunable to the vehicle type, road speed, and even driver preference. An added benefit is the elimination of environmental hazard posed by leakage and disposal of hydraulic power steering fluid. In addition, electrical assistance is not lost when the engine fails or stalls, whereas hydraulic assistance stops working if the engine stops, making the steering doubly heavy as the driver must now turn not only the very heavy steering—without any help—but also the power-assistance system itself. Speed sensitive steering An outgrowth of power steering is speed sensitive steering, where the steering is heavily assisted at low speed and lightly assisted at high speed.

Auto makers perceive that motorists might need to make large steering inputs while manoeuvering for parking, but not while traveling at high speed. The first vehicle with this feature was the with its layout, although rather than altering the amount of assistance as in modern power steering systems, it altered the pressure on a centring cam which made the steering wheel try to 'spring' back to the straight-ahead position.

Power Steering Type For Pt Cruiser

Modern speed-sensitive power steering systems reduce the mechanical or electrical assistance as the vehicle speed increases, giving a more direct feel. This feature is gradually becoming more common. Four-wheel steering. Agricultural slurry applicator using crab steering to minimise soil compaction (2009). Four-wheel steering is a system employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease at low speed. Active four-wheel steering In an active four-wheel steering system, all four wheels turn at the same time when the driver steers.

In most active four-wheel steering systems, the rear wheels are steered by a computer and actuators. The rear wheels generally cannot turn as far as the front wheels. There can be controls to switch off the rear steer and options to steer only the rear wheels independently of the front wheels. At low speed (e.g. Parking) the rear wheels turn opposite to the front wheels, reducing the turning radius, sometimes critical for large, tractors, vehicles with trailers and passenger cars with a large wheelbase, while at higher speeds both front and rear wheels turn alike (electronically controlled), so that the vehicle may change position with less and improved build-up of the, enhancing straight-line stability. The 'snaking effect' experienced during drives while towing a is thus largely nullified.

– Four-wheel steering found its most widespread use in, where maneuverability in small arenas is critical, and it is also popular in large vehicles and. Some of the modern European Intercity buses also utilize four-wheel steering to assist maneuverability in bus terminals, and also to improve road stability. The first rally vehicle to use the technology was the Peugeot 405 Turbo 16. Its debut was at the 1988 Pikes Peak International Hill Climb, where it set a record breaking time of 10:47.77.

The car would go on to victory in the 1989 and 1990, again driven. Previously, had four-wheel steering as an option in their 1987–2001 and Honda Ascot Innova models (1992–1996).

Also offered four-wheel steering on the and in 1988. Offered 's in their consumer / and /. However, only 16,500 vehicles were sold with this system from its introduction in 2002 through 2004. Due to this low demand, GM discontinued the technology at the end of the 2005 model year. / offer several versions of their system as standard or as an option in much of their line-up.

In the early, a new generation of four-wheel steering systems was introduced into the market. At first 2001 equipped its with an all-wheel steering system (optional, called 'Integral Active Steering'), which is now available on the current, and as an option. Introduced an optional all-wheel steering called '4control' in 2009, at first on the, which is currently available on the, and vehicle lines. In 2013, first introduced a system on the as standard equipment. Since 2016, the is also offered with an optional all-wheel steering. Launched the with an optional system.

Also the OEMs offer luxury segment vehicles equipped with all-wheel steering, such as on its QX70 model ('Rear Active Steering') and on the GS. The OEMs have launched the technology in the model years 2016/17 with the, the as well as the. Production cars with active four wheel steering. Front with articulated steering (2007). Is a system by which a vehicle is split into front and rear halves which are connected by a vertical hinge. The front and rear halves are connected with one or more that change the angle between the halves, including the front and rear axles and wheels, thus steering the vehicle. This system does not use steering arms, king pins, tie rods, etc.

As does four-wheel steering. If the vertical hinge is placed equidistant between the two axles, it also eliminates the need for a central, as both front and rear axles will follow the same path, and thus rotate at the same speed. Have very good off-road performance. Vehicle-trailer-combinations such as, and internal transport trolley trains can be regarded as passively articulated vehicles. Rear wheel steering A few types of vehicle use only rear wheel steering, notably, early, 's, and the.

Rear wheel steering tends to be unstable because in turns the steering geometry changes hence decreasing the turn radius (over steer), rather than increase it (under steer). Rear wheel steering is meant for slower vehicles that need high-maneuverability in tight spaces, e.g. Steer-by-wire. 2012 Honda EV-STER 'Twin Lever Steering' concept. The aim of technology is to completely do away with as many mechanical components (steering shaft, column, gear reduction mechanism, etc.) as possible. Completely replacing conventional steering system with steer-by-wire holds several advantages, such as:. The absence of steering column simplifies the car interior design.

The absence of steering shaft, column and gear reduction mechanism allows much better space utilization in the engine compartment. The steering mechanism can be designed and installed as a modular unit. Without mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the road wheel, it is less likely that the impact of a frontal crash will force the steering wheel to intrude into the driver's survival space.

Mechanical Engineering

Steering system characteristics can easily and infinitely be adjusted to optimize the steering response and feel. As of 2007 there are no production cars available that rely solely on steer-by-wire technology due to safety, reliability and economic concerns, but this technology has been demonstrated in numerous and the similar technology is in use in both military and civilian aviation applications. Removing the mechanical steering linkage in road going vehicles would require new legislation in most countries. Main article: For safety reasons all modern cars feature a collapsible steering column (energy absorbing steering column) which will collapse in the event of a heavy frontal impact to avoid excessive injuries to the driver.

Are also generally fitted as standard. Non-collapsible steering columns fitted to older vehicles very often drivers in frontal crashes, particularly when the steering box or rack was mounted in front of the front axle line, at the front of the. This was particularly a problem on vehicles that had a rigid separate chassis frame, with no crumple zone. Most modern vehicle steering boxes/racks are mounted behind the front axle on the front bulkhead, at the rear of the front crumple zone.

Collapsible steering columns were invented by and were introduced in the 1959 Fintail, along with crumple zones. This safety feature first appeared on cars built by after an extensive and very public campaign enacted. Started to install collapsible steering columns in 1968. Used a retractable steering wheel and seat belt tensioning system called, but it has since been discontinued in favor of airbags and pyrotechnic seat belt pre-tensioners. Cycles Steering is crucial to the stability of and. For details, see articles on and.

Steering and is especially complicated. Differential steering. Main article: Differential steering is the primary means of steering, such as and, is also used in certain wheeled vehicles commonly known as, and even implemented in some automobiles, where it is called, to augment steering by changing wheel direction relative to the vehicle.

Other types of steering are steered by hydraulic tilting of the cutter head. Rail track vehicles (i.e., ) are steered by curved guide tracks, including switches, and articulated undercarriages.

On wheels and are steered similarly to cars. And are steered by rotating the front runners out of the direction of travel. Steer the same way by rotating the front skis. And are steered by changing the direction of pull.

Use independent hydraulic wheel drive to turn on the spot. Watercraft steering Ships and boats are usually steered with a. Depending on the size of the vessel, rudders can be manually actuated, or operated using a, or a / system.

Boats using steer by rotating the entire drive unit. Boats with inboard motors sometimes steer by rotating the propeller pod only (i.e. Modern ships with diesel-electric drive use. Boats driven by (i.e., including ) or (i.e., ) are steered by generating a higher propulsion force on the side of the boat opposite of the direction of turn. Are steered by weight-shift induced roll and water jet. And are steered by weight-shift induced roll only.

Aircraft and hovercraft steering are normally steered by the use of to the aircraft into a turn; the rudder is used to minimise, rather than as a means to directly cause the turn., and large are usually steered by and/or. Small have similar rudders, but steer mostly by the pilot weight-shifting from side to side and unbalancing the more powerful lift forces beneath the skirt. And flying platforms are steered by only. Are steered by cyclic control, changing the thrust vector of the main rotor(s), and by anti-torque control, usually provided by a tail rotor (see ).

See also. Zahl, Timothy (March 2017). Retrieved 2017-04-06. ^ AG, BMW. Retrieved 2017-04-06.

Retrieved 16 March 2015. Murphy, Tom; Corbett, Brian (2005-03-01). Wards Auto World. Retrieved 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2017-04-06.

Retrieved 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2017-04-06.

Renault (in French). Retrieved 2017-04-06. Renault (in French). Retrieved 2017-04-06.

Porsche Great Britain - Dr. Retrieved 2017-04-06. Porsche Great Britain - Dr. Retrieved 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2017-04-06.

Www.lexus.de (in German). Retrieved 2017-04-06. Ferrari GT - en-EN. Retrieved 2017-04-06.

Retrieved 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2017-04-06. The new Audi Q7 – Sportiness, efficiency, premium comfort. Retrieved 2011-11-13. Johnson, Erik (June 2007).

Retrieved 2010-05-26. Smart, Jim.

External links Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. steering linkages.